<section topic="Standards" heading="h2">
	<reference location="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-12-1997/jw-12-javadev.html"/>
	<section topic="Layer 1 and 2 Interfaces" heading="h3">
		<reference location="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/security/security/smart_card_authentication.asp"/>
		<text>
		There are several different standards and interfaces for smart cards.  The hardware of a standard smart card is described in ISO standard 7816.  <em>PS/SC</em>, the <em>OpenCard Framework</em>, and <em>JavaCard</em> are all tandards which provide an interface for interacting with a smart card which comply with ISO 7816.  
		</text>
		<text>	
			PS/SC is a Microsoft backed interface for communicating with smart cards from a 32-bit Windows platform.  At one point, the OpenCard Framework relied on PS/SC to talk to the physical layer, and this still remains an option for compatibility with existing Win32-based platforms.  PS/SC based systems can be writen 
		</text>
		<text>
			OpenCard Framework, or "OFC", is an open standard that provides access to smart cards across platforms from a Java environment.  OCF based smart card applications.  While OCF promised to provide 100% pure Java smart card applications, the first standard to do so was JavaCard.  JavaCard allows Java applets to run directly on an ISO 7816 smart card.  
		</text>
	</section>
	<section topic="Layer 3 (Application) Interfaces" heading="h3">
		<text>
			There are serveral standards which are presently being used for monetary smart cards.  <em>Mondex</em> describes an electronic wallet system where "digital cash" never exists outside the card.  This is quite different from the functionally equivalent <em>VisaCash</em> system which is basically a smart card acting as a traditional debit card, where the actually cash tied to each card is located on a server, seperate from the card.  Unlike the aforementioned standards, MPCOS-EMV provides a general-purpose card which allows a developer to implement a custom token to be used as a type of currency.
		</text>
	</section>
</section>
